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The NZeTA is mandatory for all sea and air arrivals, including transit, unless exempt. When issued, it remains valid for the period of 2 years. [4] As of 1 October 2019, the following people are eligible to travel without a visa but with an NZeTA: [5] people granted a visa waiver by special direction;
The vast majority of tram systems use 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) standard gauge. Generally, standard gauge is the standard for every brand new system (except for the former Soviet Union ), even in places where there is another gauge for the heavy rail.
The Washington Metro 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 4 in (1,429 mm), the gauge is 1 ⁄ 4 inch (6 mm) less than 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm) The trams in Nuremberg for one time nominally used 1,432 mm (4 ft 8 + 3 ⁄ 8 in), the gauge is 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3 mm) less than 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm) The MTR uses 1,432 mm (4 ft 8 + 3 ⁄ 8 in) on most lines.
George Stephenson introduced the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) gauge (including a belated extra 1 ⁄ 2 in (13 mm) of free movement to reduce binding on curves [16]) for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The extra half inch was not regarded at first as very significant, and some early trains ...
The mainline track gauge is 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm), significantly wider than the 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge used on the national passenger and freight railroads and most rapid transit systems in North America. It also uses flat-edge rail, rather than typical rail that angles slightly inward.
2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge railways are narrow gauge railways with track gauge of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm). This type of rail was promoted especially in the colonies of the British Empire during the second half of the nineteenth century by Thomas Hall and Everard Calthrop .
Earlier built 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm) and broad gauge railways were soon converted to the narrower gauge. The Cape Colony adopted the 3 ft 6 in gauge. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] After conducting several studies in southern Europe, the Molteno Government selected the gauge as being the most economically suited for traversing steep mountain ranges. [ 6 ]
NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi (NZTA) [2] is a New Zealand Crown entity tasked with promoting safe and functional transport by land, including the responsibility for driver and vehicle licensing, and administering the New Zealand state highway network. [3]