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TMPDIR is the canonical environment variable in Unix and POSIX [1] that should be used to specify a temporary directory for scratch space.Most Unix programs will honor this setting and use its value to denote the scratch area for temporary files instead of the common default of /tmp [2] [3] or /var/tmp.
In Unix and Linux, the global temporary directories are /tmp and /var/tmp. Web browsers periodically write data to the tmp directory during page views and downloads. Typically, /var/tmp is for persistent files (as it may be preserved over reboots), and /tmp is for more temporary files. See Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
Modern Linux distributions include a /sys directory as a virtual filesystem (sysfs, comparable to /proc, which is a procfs), which stores and allows modification of the devices connected to the system, [20] whereas many traditional Unix-like operating systems use /sys as a symbolic link to the kernel source tree.
Some Linux distributions (e.g. Debian) do not have a tmpfs mounted on /tmp by default; in this case, files under /tmp will be stored in the same file system as /. And on almost all Linux distributions, a tmpfs is mounted on /run/ or /var/run/ to store temporary run-time files such as PID files and Unix domain sockets.
Each message is assigned a file with a unique name, and each mail folder is a file system directory containing these files. Maildir was designed by Daniel J. Bernstein circa 1995, with a major goal of eliminating the need for program code to handle file locking and unlocking through use of the local filesystem. [ 1 ]
For home PCs and PCs in a workgroup, the authenticating server is usually the PC itself. For PCs in a Windows domain, the authenticating server is a domain controller (a primary domain controller, or PDC, in Windows NT 4-based domains). %USERPROFILE% A special system-wide environment variable found on Windows NT and its derivatives.
On Linux and modern BSD derivatives, this directory has subdirectories such as man for manpages, that used to appear directly under /usr in older versions. /var: Stands for variable. A place for files that might change frequently - especially in size, for example e-mail sent to users on the system, or process-ID lock files. /var/log
chown, the command used to change the owner of a file or directory on Unix-like systems; chgrp, the command used to change the group of a file or directory on Unix-like systems; cacls, a command used on Windows NT and its derivatives to modify the access control lists associated with a file or directory; attrib