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[3] [8] [17] Serum carnosinase is a glycoprotein, and splits free carnosine and anserine in the blood. [11] This form of the dipeptidase is not found in human blood until late infancy, slowly rising to adult levels by age 15. [14] Unlike tissue carnosinase, serum carnosinase also hydrolyzes the GABA metabolite homocarnosine. [11]
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. [citation needed] Carnosine was discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich. [1] Carnosine is naturally produced by the body in the liver [2] from beta-alanine and histidine.
Hemoglobin-AGE levels are elevated in diabetic individuals [24] and other AGE proteins have been shown in experimental models to accumulate with time, increasing from 5-50 fold over periods of 5–20 weeks in the retina, lens and renal cortex of diabetic rats. The inhibition of AGE formation reduced the extent of nephropathy in diabetic rats. [25]
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine), and its topical prodrug formulation N-acetylcarnosine (NAC), is advertised (especially on the internet) to treat a range of ophthalmic disorders associated with oxidative stress, including age-related and diabetic cataracts. No convincing animal studies or masked clinical trials have been reported.
In enzymology, a carnosine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.22) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + carnosine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + anserine
The uses for biomarkers of aging are ubiquitous and identifying a physical parameter of biological aging would allow humans to determine our true age, mortality, and morbidity. [10] The change in the physical biomarker should be proportional to the change in the age of the species.
Carnosine synthase (EC 6.3.2.11) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + phosphate + carnosine The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP , L-histidine , and beta-alanine , whereas its 3 products are ADP (previously thought to form AMP [ 1 ] ), diphosphate ...
Anserine is a derivative of carnosine, which has been methylated. [2] Both anserine and carnosine chelate copper. [3] Due to its methylation, anserine is more stable in serum and resistant to degradation than carnosine. [4] Anserine can be found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals and birds. [2]
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