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Many Babylonian deities, myths, and religious writings are singular to that culture; for example, the uniquely Babylonian deity, Marduk, replaced Enlil as the head of the mythological pantheon. The Enûma Eliš , a creation myth epic was an original Babylonian work.
God lists from the Old Babylonian period sometimes place him within the circle of Enki. [30] TCL 15 10 lists Asalluhi and Marduk as separate gods, but close together in the list. Lambert suggests that this may be an intrusion by another scribe, and that the editor scribe did so under the belief that Marduk and Asalluhi were the same god. [30]
The god Marduk and his dragon Mušḫuššu. Ancient Mesopotamian religion encompasses the religious beliefs (concerning the gods, creation and the cosmos, the origin of man, and so forth) and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 6000 BC [1] and 500 AD.
In 1898, another scholar Morris Jastrow Jr. published The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. The book explores the gods, myths, and rituals at the heart of Babylonian and Assyrian culture, highlighting major deities such as Marduk, Ishtar, and Enlil. [7] It also discusses religious practices, including temple worship, sacrifices, and divination.
In the first millennium BCE he became one of the most prominent gods of Babylonia. [88] In Assyria his prominence grew in the eighth and seventh centuries BCE. [86] In Kalhu and Nineveh he eventually became more common in personal names than the Assyrian head god Ashur. [86] He also replaced Ninurta as the main god of Kalhu. [86]
[16] [10] The highest god in the pantheon was said to possess the anûtu or anuti (d a-nu-ti), which means "heavenly power" [10] or more literally Anuship. [18] In the Babylonian Enûma Eliš, the gods praise Marduk, shouting "Your word is Anu!" [10] Although Anu was a very important deity, his nature was often ambiguous and ill-defined. [16]
In the Early Dynastic god list from Fara, he is the sixth among the deities listed, after Anu, Enlil, Inanna, Enki and Nanna. [14] In later god lists, for example in An = Anum, he and his circle appears between Nanna (Sin) and Ishkur (Adad). [14] The Old Babylonian Nippur god list instead places him between Ishkur and Ninurta. [14]
Enlil, [a] later known as Elil and Ellil, is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms. [4] He is first attested as the chief deity of the Sumerian pantheon, [5] but he was later worshipped by the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hurrians.