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EMR1 expression in human is restricted to eosinophils and is a specific marker for these cells. [14] The murine homolog of EMR1, F4/80, is a well-known and widely used marker of murine macrophage populations.
The islet resident macrophage was first identified in 1979 as an antigen-presenting cell (APC), [9] which expresses major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). Later in 1984 this APC was further classified by using a macrophage specific marker F4/80. [10]
They can be identified using flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining by their specific expression of proteins such as CD14, CD40, CD11b, CD64, F4/80 (mice)/EMR1 (human), lysozyme M, MAC-1/MAC-3 and CD68. [9] Macrophages were first discovered and named by Élie Metchnikoff, a Russian Empire zoologist, in 1884. [10] [11]
In adipose tissue, distinction between M1 and M2 macrophage polarization can be monitored by assessing the expression of selected markers. Macrophages displaying M1 phenotype have been characterized by expression of F4/80, CD11c and iNOS whereas macrophages displaying M2 phenotype have been characterized by expression of F4/80, CD301 and Arg1. [10]
Dermal macrophages’ expression of cell markers like CD11b, F4/80 and MHC II indicate their participation in the MHC II antigen-presenting pathway. [ 5 ] [ 3 ] However, the MHC II expression is low compared to Langerhans cells, rendering dermal macrophages minor contributors to antigen presentation.
The composition of monocyte-derived macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages in the tumor microenvironment depends on the tumor type, stage, size, and location, thus it has been proposed that TAM identity and heterogeneity is the outcome of interactions between tumor-derived, tissue-specific, and developmental signals. [2]
The excess of adipose tissue found in obese patients is found to cause chronic inflammation with an increase in the number of activated macrophages. Subsequently, AIF1 may be an accurate indicator of macrophage activation in the body. [16] There is also evidence that AIF1 could be a marker for diabetic nephropathy when detected in serum. [17]
Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) represent a subset of anti-inflammatory macrophages. In general, macrophages are a very dynamic and plastic cell type and can be divided into two main groups: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). [1] M2 group can further be divided into sub-groups M2a, M2b, M2c, and ...