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The Summa contra Gentiles [a] is one of the best-known treatises by Thomas Aquinas, written as four books between 1259 and 1265. Whereas the Summa Theologiæ was written to explain the Christian faith to theology students, the Summa contra Gentiles is more apologetic in tone.
From Summa Contra Gentiles, Book 4: [1] since the spiritual remedies of salvation (as was said) have been given to men under sensible signs, it was suitable also to distinguish the remedies provided for the spiritual life after the likeness of bodily life.
The Summa Theologiae intended to explain the Christian faith to beginning theology students, whereas the Summa contra Gentiles, to explain the Christian faith and defend it in hostile situations, with arguments adapted to the intended circumstances of its use, each article refuting a certain belief or a specific heresy. [3]
[2] [3] The dictionary does not contain any additional commentary or explanatory notes, with the exception of the introduction by Theodore E. James, which contains a summary of the life and works of Thomas Aquinas. [4] Most of the quotations are taken from the Summa Theologica, Aquinas's best-known work, with others from the Summa contra Gentiles.
Thomas believed that the existence of God can be demonstrated. Briefly in the Summa Theologiae and more extensively in the Summa contra Gentiles, he considered in great detail five arguments for the existence of God, widely known as the quinque viae (Five Ways). Motion: Some things undoubtedly move, though cannot cause their own motion.
According to Thomas Aquinas, God is the "Highest Good". [1] The Summa Theologiae (question 6, article 3) affirms that "God alone is good essentially". [2]Because in Jesus there are two natures, the human and the divine one, Aquinas states that in him there are two distinct wills: the human will and the divine will.
Fuller arguments are taken up in later sections of the Summa theologiae, and other publications. For example, in the Summa contra gentiles SCG I, 13, 30, he clarifies that his arguments do not assume or presuppose that there was a first moment in time. A commentator notes that Thomas does not think that God could be first in a temporal sense ...
De fide catholica ex Veteri et Novo Testamento contra Iudaeos by Isidore of Seville (560–636) The Summa contra Gentiles, also known as Tractatus de fide catholica, contra contra errores infidelium, of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) The constitution "De fide catholica" of the First Vatican Council, also called Dei Filius