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  2. Empirical evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence

    Empirical evidence is essential to a posteriori knowledge or empirical knowledge, knowledge whose justification or falsification depends on experience or experiment. A priori knowledge, on the other hand, is seen either as innate or as justified by rational intuition and therefore as not dependent on empirical evidence.

  3. Empirical research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_research

    Empirical evidence (the record of one's direct observations or experiences) can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively. Quantifying the evidence or making sense of it in qualitative form, a researcher can answer empirical questions, which should be clearly defined and answerable with the evidence collected (usually called data ).

  4. Empiricism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism

    In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence. [1] It is one of several competing views within epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism.

  5. A priori and a posteriori - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori

    [ii] A posteriori knowledge depends on empirical evidence. Examples include most fields of science and aspects of personal knowledge. The terms originate from the analytic methods found in Organon, a collection of works by Aristotle. Prior analytics (a priori) is about deductive logic, which comes from definitions and first principles.

  6. Efficacy of prayer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy_of_prayer

    [2] [3] [4] Dr. Fred Rosner, an authority on Jewish medical ethics, has expressed doubt that prayer could ever be subject to empirical analysis. [5] Basic philosophical questions bear upon the question of the efficacy of prayer – for example, whether statistical inference and falsifiability are sufficient to "prove" or to "disprove" anything ...

  7. Evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence

    Empirical evidence (in science) In scientific research evidence is accumulated through observations of phenomena that occur in the natural world, or which are ...

  8. Scientific evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence

    Scientific evidence is evidence that serves to either support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis, [1] although scientists also use evidence in other ways, such as when applying theories to practical problems. [2] Such evidence is expected to be empirical evidence and interpretable in accordance with the scientific method.

  9. Natural science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science

    Natural science or empirical science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. [1] Mechanisms such as peer review and reproducibility of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.