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Text in PDF is represented by text elements in page content streams. A text element specifies that characters should be drawn at certain positions. The characters are specified using the encoding of a selected font resource. A font object in PDF is a description of a digital typeface.
The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is a text-centric community of practice in the academic field of digital humanities, operating continuously since the 1980s.The community currently runs a mailing list, meetings and conference series, and maintains the TEI technical standard, a journal, [1] a wiki, a GitHub repository and a toolchain.
The Text Encoding Initiative: a further report in Corpus-based Computational Linguistics ed C. Souter and E. Atwell (Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1990) Burnard, Lou; Information Management in The Humanities Computing Yearbook 1989–90, ed I. Lancashire (OUP, 1991) What is SGML and how does it help? and An introduction to the Text Encoding Initiative ...
Their encoding relies on how frequently the text is used. Most runs of text use the same script; for example, Latin, Cyrillic, Greek and so on. This normal use allows many runs of text to compress down to about 1 byte per code point. These stateful encodings make it more difficult to randomly access text at any position of a string.
The encoding is used as part of IDNA, which is a system enabling the use of Internationalized Domain Names in all scripts that are supported by Unicode. Earlier and now historical proposals include UTF-5 and UTF-6. GB18030 is another encoding form for Unicode, from the Standardization Administration of China.
A binary-to-text encoding is encoding of data in plain text. More precisely, it is an encoding of binary data in a sequence of printable characters . These encodings are necessary for transmission of data when the communication channel does not allow binary data (such as email or NNTP ) or is not 8-bit clean .
Huffman tree generated from the exact frequencies of the text "this is an example of a huffman tree". Encoding the sentence with this code requires 135 (or 147) bits, as opposed to 288 (or 180) bits if 36 characters of 8 (or 5) bits were used (This assumes that the code tree structure is known to the decoder and thus does not need to be counted as part of the transmitted information).
Shannon's diagram of a general communications system, showing the process by which a message sent becomes the message received (possibly corrupted by noise). seq2seq is an approach to machine translation (or more generally, sequence transduction) with roots in information theory, where communication is understood as an encode-transmit-decode process, and machine translation can be studied as a ...