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A sample of cursive handwriting on ruled paper showing the four lines associated with lineation.. In Western handwriting, lineation is the particular spacing between the baseline and the median or mean line (a distance known as the x-height or corpus size), the height of the ascenders, and the depth of the descenders.
The two types of exemplars are complementary to one another. Request writings can be controlled to some degree by whoever obtains them. That is, it is possible to exercise some control over the writing to ensure that it is written in a comparable manner using a similar writing instrument, similar paper, etc.
Detail from Zaner's 1896 article: The Line of Direction in Writing [3] A major factor contributing to the development of the Zaner-Bloser teaching script was Zaner's study of the body movements required to create the form of cursive letters when using the 'muscular arm method' of handwriting – such as the Palmer Method – which was prevalent in the United States from the late 19th century.
Stretching lineations record primarily the vector of greatest stretch, which is perpendicular to the principle plane of shortening. A stretching lineation may be visualised as a ball of treacle (molasses) which, when pulled, forms a cigar-shaped rod parallel to the direction in which it is pulled.
Alphabet and numerals from The Palmer Method of Business Writing. The method developed around 1888 and was introduced in the book Palmer's Guide to Business Writing (1894). [3] Palmer's method involved "muscle motion" in which the more proximal muscles of the arm were used for movement, rather than allowing the fingers to move in writing.
The D'Nealian writing style is a well-known teaching method that makes use of this type of paper ruling. Another educational institution, A Beka Book, utilizes this ruling along with a house metaphor (upstairs, downstairs, and basement) to help young children learn where parts of each letter should be written. The usage is similar in concept to ...
Its lowercase letters are key in separating Spencerian script from its predecessor, Copperplate script, otherwise known as English roundhand, as Spencerian lowercase letters tend to look more delicate and less shaded than those of Copperplate (shading entirely absent from 'i', vertical ascender of 't' and 'd' and the descender stem of 'p'). [10]
justified—text is aligned along the left margin, with letter-spacing and word-spacing adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justification; centered —text is aligned to neither the left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line.