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Work engagement is the "harnessing of organization member's selves to their work roles: in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, emotionally and mentally during role performances". [1]: 694 Three aspects of work motivation are cognitive, emotional and physical engagement. [2]
A results-only work environment (ROWE) is a work approach in which employees are entirely autonomous and responsible for delivering outcomes.This managerial tactic redirects attention from the hours spent at work to the results generated.
Work groups – Drawing on the sociotechnical theory and team effectiveness literature, some authors argue that key characteristics of work groups (i.e. composition, interdependence, autonomy, and leadership) can influence the work design of individual team members, although it is acknowledged that evidence on this particular topic is limited.
The small-step work improvement approach was developed in the USA under Training Within Industry program (TWI Job Methods). [16] Instead of encouraging large, radical changes to achieve desired goals, these methods recommended that organizations introduce small improvements, preferably ones that could be implemented on the same day.
This is an example of the product-based approach (which might be end-product or deliverable or work-based), as compared to phased approach (which might be gated stages in a formal Systems development life cycle), or forced events (e.g. quarterly updates or a fiscal year rebudgeting), or a skills/roles based approach.
This approach can potentially yield a hostile, minimally cooperative workforce and resentment towards management. [6] Managers are always looking for mistakes from employees, because they do not trust their work. [6] Theory X is a "we versus they" approach, meaning it is the management versus the employees. [6]
Lean thinking was born out of studying the rise of Toyota Motor Company from a bankrupt Japanese automaker in the early 1950s to today's dominant global player. [4] At every stage of its expansion, Toyota remained a puzzle by capturing new markets with products deemed relatively unattractive and with systematically lower costs while not following any of the usual management dictates.
Researchers have categorized two approaches to work force development, sector-based and place-based approaches. The sectoral advocate speaks for the demand side, emphasizing employer- or market-driven strategies, whereas the place-based practitioner is resolutely a believer in the virtue of the supply side: those low-income job seekers who need work and a pathway out of poverty.