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White-box cryptography is a practice and study of techniques for designing and attacking white-box implementations. It has many applications, including digital rights management (DRM), pay television , protection of cryptographic keys in the presence of malware , [ 1 ] mobile payments and cryptocurrency wallets.
On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight." [ 11 ] Because they do not examine the source code, there are situations when a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case or leaves some parts of the program untested.
The term "black box" is used because the actual program being executed is not examined. In computing in general, a black box program is one where the user cannot see the inner workings (perhaps because it is a closed source program) or one which has no side effects and the function of which need not be examined, a routine suitable for re-use.