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  2. Magnetic Thermodynamic Systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_Thermodynamic_Systems

    The Euler relation for a paramagnetic system is then: = + + and the Gibbs-Duhem relation for such a system is: S d T − V d P + I d B e + N d μ = 0 {\displaystyle SdT-VdP+IdB_{e}+Nd\mu =0} An experimental problem that distinguishes magnetic systems from other thermodynamical systems is that the magnetic moment can't be constrained.

  3. Triplet oxygen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet_oxygen

    According to molecular orbital theory, the electron configuration of triplet oxygen has two electrons occupying two π molecular orbitals (MOs) of equal energy (that is, degenerate MOs). In accordance with Hund's rules, they remain unpaired and spin-parallel, which accounts for the paramagnetism of molecular oxygen.

  4. Paramagnetism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism

    The element hydrogen is virtually never called 'paramagnetic' because the monatomic gas is stable only at extremely high temperature; H atoms combine to form molecular H 2 and in so doing, the magnetic moments are lost (quenched), because of the spins pair. Hydrogen is therefore diamagnetic and the same holds true for many other elements ...

  5. Magnetic susceptibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility

    Magnetic susceptibility indicates whether a material is attracted into or repelled out of a magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials align with the applied field and are attracted to regions of greater magnetic field. Diamagnetic materials are anti-aligned and are pushed away, toward regions of lower magnetic fields.

  6. Diamagnetism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetism

    Diamagnetism is a quantum mechanical effect that occurs in all materials; when it is the only contribution to the magnetism, the material is called diamagnetic. In paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, the weak diamagnetic force is overcome by the attractive force of magnetic dipoles in the material.

  7. Permeability (electromagnetism) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability...

    Paramagnetic materials are attracted to magnetic fields, hence have a relative magnetic permeability greater than one (or, equivalently, a positive magnetic susceptibility). The magnetic moment induced by the applied field is linear in the field strength, and it is rather weak. It typically requires a sensitive analytical balance to detect the ...

  8. Manganese (II,III) oxide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide

    Mn 3 O 4 has the spinel structure, where the oxide ions are cubic close packed and the Mn II occupy tetrahedral sites and the Mn III octahedral sites. [3] The structure is distorted due to the Jahn–Teller effect. [3]

  9. Spin isomers of hydrogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_isomers_of_hydrogen

    The ortho and para forms of water have recently been isolated. Para water was found to be 25% more reactive for a proton-transfer reaction. [28] [29] Molecular oxygen (O 2) also exists in three lower-energy triplet states and one singlet state, as ground-state paramagnetic triplet oxygen and energized highly reactive diamagnetic singlet oxygen.

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