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  2. Trigonometric integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_integral

    Si(x) (blue) and Ci(x) (green) shown on the same plot. Sine integral in the complex plane, plotted with a variant of domain coloring. Cosine integral in the complex plane. Note the branch cut along the negative real axis. In mathematics, trigonometric integrals are a family of nonelementary integrals involving trigonometric functions.

  3. List of integrals of trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of...

    For the special antiderivatives involving trigonometric functions, see Trigonometric integral. [ 1 ] Generally, if the function sinx {\displaystyle \sin x} is any trigonometric function, and cos ⁡ x {\displaystyle \cos x} is its derivative,

  4. Tangent half-angle substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_half-angle...

    Leonhard Euler used it to evaluate the integral / (+ ⁡) in his 1768 integral calculus textbook, [3] and Adrien-Marie Legendre described the general method in 1817. [ 4 ] The substitution is described in most integral calculus textbooks since the late 19th century, usually without any special name. [ 5 ]

  5. Lists of integrals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_integrals

    If the function f does not have any continuous antiderivative which takes the value zero at the zeros of f (this is the case for the sine and the cosine functions), then sgn(f(x)) ∫ f(x) dx is an antiderivative of f on every interval on which f is not zero, but may be discontinuous at the points where f(x) = 0.

  6. Integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral

    The symbol dx, called the differential of the variable x, indicates that the variable of integration is x. The function f ( x ) is called the integrand , the points a and b are called the limits (or bounds) of integration, and the integral is said to be over the interval [ a , b ] , called the interval of integration. [ 18 ]

  7. Integration by parts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_parts

    This visualization also explains why integration by parts may help find the integral of an inverse function f −1 (x) when the integral of the function f(x) is known. Indeed, the functions x(y) and y(x) are inverses, and the integralx dy may be calculated as above from knowing the integraly dx.

  8. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

    At this point we can either integrate directly, or we can first change the integrand to 2 cos 6x − 4 cos 4x + 2 cos 2x and continue from there. Either method gives Either method gives ∫ sin 2 ⁡ x cos ⁡ 4 x d x = − 1 24 sin ⁡ 6 x + 1 8 sin ⁡ 4 x1 8 sin ⁡ 2 x + C . {\displaystyle \int \sin ^{2}x\cos 4x\,dx=-{\frac {1}{24 ...

  9. Numerical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_integration

    If f(x) is a smooth function integrated over a small number of dimensions, and the domain of integration is bounded, there are many methods for approximating the integral to the desired precision. Numerical integration has roots in the geometrical problem of finding a square with the same area as a given plane figure ( quadrature or squaring ...