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Contributing structures of the carbonate ion. In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, [1] also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.
Expressing resonance when drawing Lewis structures may be done either by drawing each of the possible resonance forms and placing double-headed arrows between them or by using dashed lines to represent the partial bonds (although the latter is a good representation of the resonance hybrid which is not, formally speaking, a Lewis structure ...
Sulfur dioxide exists in wine in free and bound forms, and the combinations are referred to as total SO 2. Binding, for instance to the carbonyl group of acetaldehyde, varies with the wine in question. The free form exists in equilibrium between molecular SO 2 (as a dissolved gas) and bisulfite ion, which is in turn in equilibrium with sulfite ...
In such complexes, SO 2 is classified as a pure Lewis acid. The structure is similar to that for conventional Lewis base adducts of SO 2. η 2-SO 2. Both S and one O centre are attached to the metal. The MSO 2 subunit is pyramidal at sulfur. This bonding mode is more common for early metals, which are typically strongly pi-donating. η 1-SO 2 ...
A valence bond structure resembles a Lewis structure, but when a molecule cannot be fully represented by a single Lewis structure, multiple valence bond structures are used. Each of these VB structures represents a specific Lewis structure. This combination of valence bond structures is the main point of resonance theory.
The structure of the sulfite anion can be described with three equivalent resonance structures. In each resonance structure, the sulfur atom is double-bonded to one oxygen atom with a formal charge of zero (neutral), and sulfur is singly bonded to the other two oxygen atoms, which each carry a formal charge of −1, together accounting for the ...
Below is an example of how NRT may generate a list of resonance structures. (1) Given an input wavefunction, NRT creates a list of reference Lewis structures. The LEWIS option tests each structure and rejects those that do not conform to the Lewis bonding theory (i.e., those that do not fulfill the octet rule, pose unreasonable formal charges ...
The debate over the nature and classification of hypervalent molecules goes back to Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir and the debate over the nature of the chemical bond in the 1920s. [3] Lewis maintained the importance of the two-center two-electron (2c-2e) bond in describing hypervalence, thus using expanded octets to account for such ...