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Pulmonary vein anatomy is highly variable among atrial fibrillation patients. [5] Pulmonary vein isolation by transcatheter ablation can restore sinus rhythm. [4] As atrial fibrillation becomes more persistent, the junction between the pulmonary veins and the left atrium becomes less of an initiator and the left atrium becomes an independent ...
structures of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and great vessels, which include the thoracic aorta, the pulmonary artery and all its branches, the superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary veins, and the azygos vein; structures of the respiratory system, including the diaphragm, trachea, bronchi and lungs [1]
The mediastinum (from Medieval Latin: mediastinus, lit. 'midway'; [2] pl.: mediastina) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.Surrounded by loose connective tissue, it is a region that contains vital organs and structures within the thorax, namely the heart and its vessels, the esophagus, the trachea, the vagus, phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, the thymus and the lymph ...
Middle cardiac vein; Small cardiac vein; Pulmonary veins; Superior vena cava. Brachiocephalic vein. Inferior thyroid vein; Inferior laryngeal vein; Pericardial veins; Pericardiophrenic veins; Bronchial veins; Vertebral vein. Occipital vein; Anterior vertebral vein; Deep cervical vein; Internal thoracic veins. Superior epigastric veins ...
The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation. Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea .
Pulmonary interstitial pressure (Pi) rises as lung volume decreases due to reduced radial tethering of the lung parenchyma. Pi is highest at the base of the lung due to the weight of the above lung tissue. Pi can also rise due to an increased volume of 'leaked' fluid from the pulmonary vasculature (pulmonary edema). An increase in Pi causes ...
The oblique sinus is an inverted J-shaped reflection of the venae cavae and pulmonary veins. [2] It lies behind the atria (particularly the left atrium), [1] and in between left and right pulmonary veins. The transverse sinus is the tunnel-shaped passage posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk, and anterior to the superior vena cava.
The root of the right lung lies behind the superior vena cava and part of the right atrium, and below the azygos vein.That of the left lung passes beneath the aortic arch and in front of the descending aorta; the phrenic nerve, pericardiacophrenic artery and vein, and the anterior pulmonary plexus, lie in front of each, and the vagus nerve and posterior pulmonary plexus lie behind.