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HER2 is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER/EGFR/ERBB) family. But contrary to other members of the ERBB family, HER2 does not directly bind ligand. HER2 activation results from heterodimerization with another ERBB member or by homodimerization when HER2 concentration are high, for instance in cancer. [8]
The HER2 gene (also known as HER2/neu and ErbB2 gene) is amplified in 20–30% of early-stage breast cancers. [44] Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting HER2, inducing an immune-mediated response that causes internalization and recycling of HER2. It may also upregulate cell cycle inhibitors such as p21 Waf1 and p27 Kip1. [58]
The prognosis of the most common form of invasive carcinoma NST is intermediate. Regardless of the histological subtype, the prognosis of IDC depends also on tumor size, presence of cancer in the lymph nodes, histological grade, presence of cancer in small vessels (vascular invasion), expression of hormone receptors and of oncogenes like HER2/neu.
All four ErbB receptor family members are nearly same in the structure having single-chain of modular glycoproteins. [4] This structure is made up of an extracellular region or ectodomain or ligand binding region that contains approximately 620 amino acids, a single transmembrane-spanning region containing approximately 23 residues, and an intracellular cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain ...
Many researchers have recommended a) conducting a much larger study to verify the results suggesting that the addition of a HER2/neu inhibitor to standard therapeutic regimens improves the overall survival of individuals with HER2/neu-positive PACB; [11] b) studies to determine if androgen receptor inhibitors (e.g. bicalutamide) [5] or ...
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), HER2/neu: Breast cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer [28] transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation. Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases
NeuVax has been tested as adjuvant treatment in nearly 200 breast cancer patients over a total of 5 years, and has shown to be safe and effective in Phase 2 trials. [6] As a result, two additional NeuVax trials registered or underway are: (1) a 700 patient Phase 3 trial for FDA approval - not yet recruiting [2] [needs update] and (2) a 300 patient Phase 2 trial studying the combination of ...
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is any breast cancer that either lacks or shows low levels of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and/or gene amplification (i.e. the tumor is negative on all three tests giving the name triple-negative). [1]