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2. Flameless ration heater - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flameless_ration_heater

   When water is added to a ration heater, it dissolves the salt to form a salt-water electrolyte, thereby turning each particle of magnesium and iron into a tiny battery. Because the magnesium and iron particles are in contact, they essentially become thousands of tiny short-circuited batteries which quickly burn out, producing heat in a process ...

3. Self-heating food packaging - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-heating_food_packaging

   Self-heating rice with quicklime and water as heating source, taken before adding water to quicklime. The source of the heat for the self-heated can is an exothermic reaction that the user initiates by pressing on the bottom of the can. The can is manufactured as a triple-walled container.

4. Water crystal gel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_crystal_gel

   Hydrated water gel, or water beads. Water crystal gel or water beads or gel beads is any gel which absorbs and contains a large amount of water.Water gel is usually in spherical form and composed of a water-absorbing superabsorbent polymer (SAP, also known as slush powder in dry form) such as a polyacrylamide (frequently sodium polyacrylate).

5. Superabsorbent polymer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superabsorbent_polymer

   A SAP's ability to absorb water depends on the ionic concentration of the aqueous solution. In deionized and distilled water, a SAP may absorb 300 times its weight [4] (from 30 to 60 times its own volume) and can become up to 99.9% liquid, and when put into a 0.9% saline solution the absorbency drops to approximately 50 times its weight ...

6. Kelly Kettle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Kettle

   A Kelly Kettle in use. Note the cork stopper is not in the water spout while water is being boiled, this is for safety reasons. Kelly Kettle, Storm Kettle, Ghillie Kettle, Thermette, Survival Kettle and Volcano Kettle are trade names for portable devices for boiling water outdoors using twigs and other small combustible materials; these devices consist of a water jacket surrounding a fire ...

7. Sodium polyacrylate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_polyacrylate

   This super-absorbent polymer (SAP) has the ability to absorb 100 to 1000 times its mass in water. Sodium polyacrylate is an anionic polyelectrolyte [2] with negatively charged carboxylic groups in the main chain. It is a polymer made up of chains of acrylate compounds. It contains sodium, which gives it the ability to absorb large amounts of water.