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A suggestive question is one that implies that a certain answer should be given in response, [1] [2] or falsely presents a presupposition in the question as accepted fact. [3] [4] Such a question distorts the memory thereby tricking the person into answering in a specific way that might or might not be true or consistent with their actual feelings, and can be deliberate or unintentional.
Leading questions Refers to how wording of questions can influence how an event is remembered. This can result from a misinformation effect or an imagination inflation effect. [60] The misinformation effect occurs when information is presented after the events in question have occurred which leads to memory errors in later retrieval. [61]
In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many types of memory bias, including:
[2] [3] Studies have shown that interviewing techniques such as asking leading questions and closed-ended questions can influence the responses given by the interviewee. [2] [3] Many of the techniques were explored by Elizabeth Loftus, a researcher who studied eyewitness testimony, the misinformation effect, and false memories. [citation needed]
In the realm of psychological testing and questionnaires, an individual task or question is referred to as a test Item or item. [6] [7] These items serve as fundamental components within questionnaire and psychological tests, often tied to a specific latent psychological construct (see operationalization).
The Gudjonsson suggestibility scale (GSS) was created in 1983 by Icelandic psychologist Gísli Hannes Guðjónsson.Given his large number of publications on suggestibility, Gísli was often called as an expert witness in court cases where the suggestibility of those involved in the case was crucial to the proceedings.
The Cognitive Bias Codex. A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. [1] Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world.
Among the factors that impact the results of opinion polls are the wording and order of the questions being posed by the surveyor. Questions that intentionally affect a respondents answer are referred to as leading questions. Individuals and/or groups use these types of questions in surveys to elicit responses favorable to their interests. [24]