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Most glomerulonephritis' classification and prognosis are aided by histological evaluation by renal biopsy. [3] The renal biopsy is classically evaluated with light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistology to diagnose a histological pattern, which is then compared to clinical evaluation through history, physical, and laboratory evaluation. [3]
Glomerulonephrosis is a non-inflammatory disease of the kidney presenting primarily in the glomerulus (a glomerulopathy) as nephrotic syndrome.The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and it contains the glomerulus, which acts as a filter for blood to retain proteins and blood lipids.
The cause of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) depends on the severity of the disease. DPGN is a secondary disease, in that a disease that a patient already has causes DPGN to occur. The most common associated disease of DPGN is severe systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE). [4] Specifically, Lupus nephritis class IV. [5]
The damage to the basement membrane causes bleeding, and the disease often presents in patients as hematuria and haemoptysis (coughing up blood). If not treated promptly with plasmapharesis to remove the autoantibodies, it can lead to permanent damage in the lungs/kidneys.
Nephrotic syndrome has many causes and may either be the result of a glomerular disease that can be either limited to the kidney, called primary nephrotic syndrome (primary glomerulonephrosis), or a condition that affects the kidney and other parts of the body, called secondary nephrotic syndrome.
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a term used to refer to several kidney diseases (usually affecting both kidneys). Many of the diseases are characterised by inflammation either of the glomeruli or of the small blood vessels in the kidneys, hence the name, [1] but not all diseases necessarily have an inflammatory component. [citation needed]
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histopathologic finding of scarring of glomeruli and damage to renal podocytes. [2] [3] This process damages the filtration function of the kidney, resulting in protein presence in the urine due to protein loss. [3]
Underlying causes for glomerular injury can be inflammatory, toxic or metabolic. [8] These can be seen in the urine ( urinalysis ) on microscopic and chemical (dipstick) examination. Glomerular diseases include diabetic kidney disease , glomerulonephritis (inflammation), glomerulosclerosis (hardening of the glomeruli), and IgA nephropathy .