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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC [1]) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults and is currently the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis. [2] HCC is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
Most cases are metastases from other tumors, frequently of the GI tract (like colon cancer, carcinoid tumors mainly of the appendix, etc.), but also from breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, etc. The most frequent, malignant, primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma. [13]
The most frequent liver cancer, accounting for approximately 75% of all primary liver cancers, is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). [15] HCC is a cancer formed by liver cells, known as hepatocytes, that become malignant. In terms of cancer deaths, worldwide HCC is considered the 3rd most common cause of cancer mortalities. [16]
The survival rate for FLC largely depends on whether (and to what degree) the cancer has metastasized, i.e. spread to the lymph nodes or other organs. Distant spread (metastases), significantly reduces the median survival rate. [19] Five-year survival rates vary between 40 and 90%. [19]
Immunohistochemistry for CK19 in metastatic cholangiocarcinoma to the liver. The positive staining supports the diagnosis, in contrast to a hepatocellular carcinoma which is typically CK19 negative. [64] Histologically, cholangiocarcinomas are classically well to moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas.
Primary liver cancer most commonly manifests as hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma; rarer forms include angiosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma of the liver. (Many liver malignancies are secondary lesions that have metastasized from primary cancers in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs, such as the kidneys, lungs.) [16]
Candidates for radioembolization include patients with: Unresectable liver cancer of primary or secondary origin, such as hepatocellular carcinoma [4] and liver-metastases from a different origin (e.g. colorectal cancer, [5] breast cancer, [6] neuroendocrine cancer, [7] cholangiocarcinoma [8] or soft tissue sarcomas [9])
Patients with hepatic metastatic disease from neuroendocrine tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and other sarcomas, ocular melanoma, and some "hypervascular" metastases (such as those from breast cancer or renal cell cancer) may also be candidates for bland embolization, assuming the liver is the only site of disease, or when the procedure ...