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2. Promotional merchandise - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_merchandise

   The first known promotional products in the United States were commemorative buttons dating back to the election of George Washington in 1789. During the early 19th century, there were some advertising calendars, rulers, and wooden specialties, but there was no organized industry for the creation and distribution of promotional items until later in the 19th century.

3. Premium (marketing) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_(marketing)

   In marketing, premiums are promotional items — toys, collectables, souvenirs and household products — that are linked to a product, and often require proofs of purchase such as box tops or tokens to acquire. [1] [2] The consumer generally has to pay at least the shipping and handling costs to receive the premium.

4. Rebate (marketing) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebate_(marketing)

   Rebates have also been seen to have negative effects on the sales of products and services, having the potential to decrease a consumer's perceived quality of a product. From a study in 2009, collected data indicated that there was no increase in a consumer's willingness to pay for a product or service when there was a rebate available. However ...

5. Non-price competition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-price_competition

   When there is no room for price competition because of fixed market prices, firms resort to other non-price alternatives to compete. Before deregulation in the late 1970s and early 1980s, there were many industries in the United States where price regulation was done in conjunction with non-price competition but disguised as price competition ...

6. Sales promotion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_promotion

   Outside sales promotion activities include advertising, publicity, public relations activities, and special sales events. Inside sales promotion activities include window displays, product and promotional material display and promotional programs such as premium awards and contests. [1] Sale promotions often come in the form of discounts.

7. Marketing mix modeling - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_mix_modeling

   Marketing mix modeling (MMM) is an analytical approach that uses historic information to quantify impact of marketing activities on sales. Example information that can be used are syndicated point-of-sale data (aggregated collection of product retail sales activity across a chosen set of parameters, like category of product or geographic market) and companies’ internal data.