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Oogenesis (/ ˌ oʊ. ə ˈ dʒ ɛ n ɪ s ɪ s /) or ovogenesis is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized. [1] It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. Oogenesis is initiated before birth during embryonic development.
Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be cleanly divided between progeny cells. [9] A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in ensuring consistency of genomic information among generations. [10] [11] [12]
Class 1 follicles are 0.2 mm in diameter, class 2 about 0.4 mm, class 3 about 0.9 mm, class 4 about 2 mm, and class 5 about 5 mm. Late tertiary: Fully formed antrum, no further cytodifferentiation, no novel progress: Class 6 follicles are about 10 mm in diameter, class 7 about 16 mm, and class 8 about 20 mm.
Diagram of a human egg cell Ovum and sperm fusing together The process of fertilizing an ovum (top to bottom). In all mammals , the ovum is fertilized inside the female body. Human ova grow from primitive germ cells that are embedded in the substance of the ovaries .
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An immature ovum is a cell that goes through the process of oogenesis to become an ovum. It can be an oogonium , an oocyte , or an ootid . An oocyte, in turn, can be either primary or secondary, depending on how far it has come in its process of meiosis .
Oogonial stem cells (OSCs), also known as egg precursor cells or female germline cells, are diploid germline cells with stem cell characteristics: the ability to renew and differentiate into other cell types, different from their tissue of origin. [1]
Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is an oocyte derived growth factor in the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. [7] It is highly expressed in the oocyte and has a pivotal influence on the surrounding somatic cells, particularly granulosa, cumulus and theca cells. [7]