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Monocrystalline silicon, often referred to as single-crystal silicon or simply mono-Si, is a critical material widely used in modern electronics and photovoltaics. As the foundation for silicon-based discrete components and integrated circuits , it plays a vital role in virtually all modern electronic equipment, from computers to smartphones.
Crystalline silicon or (c-Si) is the crystalline forms of silicon, either polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si, consisting of small crystals), or monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si, a continuous crystal). Crystalline silicon is the dominant semiconducting material used in photovoltaic technology for the production of solar cells .
Single crystals have unique physical properties due to being a single grain with molecules in a strict order and no grain boundaries. [2] This includes optical properties, and single crystals of silicon is also used as optical windows because of its transparency at specific infrared (IR) wavelengths, making it very useful for some instruments. [4]
In the semiconductor industry, the term wafer appeared in the 1950s to describe a thin round slice of semiconductor material, typically germanium or silicon. The round shape characteristic of these wafers comes from single-crystal ingots usually produced using the Czochralski method. Silicon wafers were first introduced in the 1940s. [2] [3]
Spectral lines of silicon: Other properties; ... transistor production requires impurity levels in silicon crystals ... nearly defect-free single crystalline material.
Crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and a grayish color. Single crystals can be grown with the Czochralski process. Crystalline silicon can be doped with elements such as boron, gallium, germanium, phosphorus or arsenic. Doped silicon is used in solid-state electronic devices, such as solar cells, rectifiers and computer chips. [1]
Silicon crystal being grown by the Czochralski method at Raytheon, 1956. The induction heating coil is visible, and the end of the crystal is just emerging from the melt. The technician is measuring the temperature with an optical pyrometer. The crystals produced by this early apparatus, used in an early Si plant, were only one inch in diameter.
Black silicon is a needle-shaped surface structure where needles are made of single-crystal silicon and have a height above 10 μm and diameter less than 1 μm. [2] Its main feature is an increased absorption of incident light—the high reflectivity of the silicon, which is usually 20–30% for quasi-normal incidence, is reduced to about 5%.
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