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The number of available subnets is 2 n, where n is the number of bits used for the network portion of the address. There is an exception to this rule for 31-bit subnet masks, [ 11 ] which means the host identifier is only one bit long for two permissible addresses.
IP addresses are assigned to a host either dynamically as they join the network, or persistently by configuration of the host hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a static IP address. In contrast, when a computer's IP address is assigned each time it restarts, this is known as using a dynamic IP address.
IP addresses in dot-decimal notation are also presented in CIDR notation, in which the IP address is suffixed with a slash and a number, used to specify the length of the associated routing prefix. For example, 127.0.0.1/8 specifies that the IP address has an eight-bit routing prefix, and therefore the subnet mask 255.0.0.0.
The original list of IPv4 address blocks was published in September 1981. [3] In previous versions of the document, [19] [20] network numbers were 8-bit numbers rather than the 32-bit numbers used in IPv4. At that time, three networks were added that were not listed earlier: 42.rrr.rrr.rrr, 43.rrr.rrr.rrr, and 44.rrr.rrr.rrr.
Used for link-local addresses [5] between two hosts on a single link when no IP address is otherwise specified, such as would have normally been retrieved from a DHCP server 172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255
They are most often written in dot-decimal notation, which consists of four octets of the address expressed individually in decimal numbers and separated by periods. For example, the quad-dotted IP address in the illustration (172.16.254.1) represents the 32-bit decimal number 2886794753, which in hexadecimal format is 0xAC10FE01.
IP Payload Compression Protocol: RFC 3173: 0x6D 109 SNP Sitara Networks Protocol: 0x6E 110 Compaq-Peer Compaq Peer Protocol: 0x6F 111 IPX-in-IP IPX in IP: 0x70 112 VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol, Common Address Redundancy Protocol (not IANA assigned) RFC 5798: 0x71 113 PGM PGM Reliable Transport Protocol: RFC 3208: 0x72 114 Any 0-hop ...
The IP address of a public server is also important, similar in global uniqueness to a postal address or telephone number. Both IP address and port number must be correctly known by all hosts wishing to successfully communicate. Private IP addresses as described in RFC 1918 are usable only on private networks not directly connected to the internet.