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Smoker melanosis in a patient consuming 2 packs of cigarette per day. Smoking or the use of nicotine-containing drugs is the cause to Smoker's melanosis. [10] [11] Tar-components (benzopyrenes) are also known to stimulate melanocytes to melanin production, and other unknown toxic agents in tobacco may also be the cause.
Other side effects of gold-containing drugs include kidney damage, itching rash, and ulcerations of the mouth, tongue, and pharynx. Approximately 35% of patients discontinue the use of gold salts because of these side effects. Kidney function must be monitored continuously while taking gold compounds. [5]
Imiquimod (Aldara) is an immune response modifier that has been studied for the treatment of actinic cheilitis. It promotes an immune response in the skin leading to apoptosis (death) of the tumor cells. It causes the epidermis to be invaded by macrophages, which leads to epidermal erosion. T-cells are also activated as a result of imiquimod ...
On the positive side, UV exposure enables the synthesis of vitamin D 3, which is essential for bone health [1] and potentially plays a role in inhibiting certain cancers. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] While vitamin D can also be obtained through dietary supplements, [ 4 ] UV exposure offers benefits such as enhanced subdermal nitric oxide production and improved ...
The most common and simple treatment is the construction of a specially made acrylic prosthesis that covers the biting surfaces of the teeth and protects the cheek, tongue, and labial mucosa (an occlusal splint). This is either employed in the short term as a habit-breaking intention or more permanently (e.g., wearing the prosthesis each night ...
A related condition, medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), has been described as a side-effect of amino-bisphosphonates, a class of phosphorus-based drugs that inhibit bone resorption and are used widely for treating osteoporosis, bone disease in cancer and some other conditions. [16]
Skeletal abnormalities include a bell-shaped chest, a flattening or curvature of the spine, shortened long bones, and dysplasia of the hips, knees, ankles, and wrists. The bones that stabilize the connection between the head and neck can be malformed (odontoid hypoplasia); in these cases, a surgical procedure called spinal cervical bone fusion ...
Oral and maxillofacial pathology refers to the diseases of the mouth ("oral cavity" or "stoma"), jaws ("maxillae" or "gnath") and related structures such as salivary glands, temporomandibular joints, facial muscles and perioral skin (the skin around the mouth). [1] [2] The mouth is an important organ with many different functions. It is also ...