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The main polycarbonate material is produced by the reaction of bisphenol A (BPA) and phosgene COCl 2. The overall reaction can be written as follows: The first step of the synthesis involves treatment of bisphenol A with sodium hydroxide, which deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of the bisphenol A. [6] (HOC 6 H 4) 2 CMe 2 + 2 NaOH → Na 2 (OC 6 ...
Full-flow staged combustion cycle Fuel- and oxidizer-rich mixtures are burned in separate preburners and driving the turbopumps, then both high-pressure exhausts, one oxygen rich and the other fuel rich, are fed directly into the main chamber where they combine and combust, permitting very high pressures and high efficiency. Example: SpaceX Raptor.
Full-flow staged combustion (FFSC) is a twin-shaft staged combustion fuel cycle design that uses both oxidizer-rich and fuel-rich preburners where the entire supply of both propellants passes through the turbines. [4] The fuel turbopump is driven by the fuel-rich preburner, and the oxidizer turbopump is driven by the oxidizer-rich preburner. [5 ...
Gas-generator rocket cycle. Some of the fuel and oxidizer is burned separately to power the pumps and then discarded. Most gas-generator engines use the fuel for nozzle cooling. The gas-generator cycle, also called open cycle, is one of the most commonly used power cycles in bipropellant liquid rocket engines.
The expander cycle is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In this cycle, the fuel is used to cool the engine's combustion chamber, picking up heat and changing phase. The now heated and gaseous fuel then powers the turbine that drives the engine's fuel and oxidizer pumps before being injected into the combustion chamber and burned.
The cycle is closed by the exhaust (4-0 and colored blue) stroke, characterized by isochoric cooling and isobaric compression processes. Temperature-Entropy diagram. An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition piston engine. It is the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in ...
Rather than combustion, organisms rely on elaborate sequences of electron-transfer reactions, often coupled to proton transfer. The direct reaction of O 2 with fuel is precluded by the oxygen reduction reaction, which produces water and adenosine triphosphate. Cytochrome c oxidase affects the oxygen reduction reaction by binding O 2 in a heme ...
However, oxy-fuel is a viable alternative to removing CO 2 from the flue gas from a conventional air-fired fossil fuel plant. However, an oxygen concentrator might be able to help, as it simply removes nitrogen. In industries other than power generation, oxy-fuel combustion can be competitive due to higher sensible heat availability. Oxy-fuel ...