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In organic chemistry, nitration is a general class of chemical processes for the introduction of a nitro group (−NO2) into an organic compound. The term also is applied incorrectly to the different process of forming nitrate esters (−ONO2) between alcohols and nitric acid (as occurs in the synthesis of nitroglycerin).
Nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophic organisms that include species of genera such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, Nitrospira and Nitrococcus. These bacteria get their energy from the oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds. [ 1 ] Types include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB).
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil. The process of complete nitrification may occur through separate organisms [ 1 ] or entirely within one organism, as in comammox bacteria.
The nitration product produced on the largest scale, by far, is nitrobenzene. Many explosives are produced by nitration including trinitrophenol (picric acid), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid). [3] Another but more specialized method for making aryl–NO 2 group starts from halogenated phenols, is the Zinke nitration.
Nitration of organic compounds with nitric acid is the primary method of synthesis of many common explosives, such as nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene (TNT). As very many less stable byproducts are possible, these reactions must be carefully thermally controlled, and the byproducts removed to isolate the desired product.
3-Nitrobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 4 (NO 2)CO 2 H. It is an aromatic compound and under standard conditions, it is an off-white solid. The two substituents are in a meta position with respect to each other, giving the alternative name of m -nitrobenzoic acid. This compound can be useful as it is a precursor to 3 ...
Nitrobenzene is an aromatic nitro compound and the simplest of the nitrobenzenes, with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 NO 2. It is a water-insoluble pale yellow oil with an almond -like odor. It freezes to give greenish-yellow crystals. It is produced on a large scale from benzene as a precursor to aniline.
1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula 1,2-Cl 2 C 6 H 3 -4-NO 2. This pale yellow solid is related to 1,2-dichlorobenzene by the replacement of one H atom with a nitro functional group. This compound is an intermediate in the synthesis of agrochemicals.