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And using the term "infinite" in the sense of "complete" or "exhaustive", he ascribed to Substance an infinity of Attributes, that is, all the attributes there are, whether known to man or not. [17] [20] Now reality, for Spinoza, is activity. Substance is incessantly active, each Attribute exercising its kind of energy in all possible ways.
The traditional understanding of an attribute in philosophy is similar to Spinoza's modes, though he uses that word differently. [132] To him, an attribute is "that which the intellect perceives as constituting the essence of substance", and there are possibly an infinite number of them. [134]
“The Building Blocks of Spinoza’s Metaphysics: Substance, Attributes, and Modes” in Michael Della Rocca (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Spinoza (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 84–113. “ Spinoza’s Metaphysics of Thought: Parallelisms and the Multifaceted Structure of Ideas ,” Philosophy & Phenomenological Research 86 (2013 ...
Modes are properties of a substance that follow from its attributes and therefore have only a dependent form of existence. [52] Spinoza sees everyday-things like rocks, cats or ourselves as mere modes and thereby opposes the traditional Aristotelian and Cartesian conception of categorizing them as substances. [53]
Substance theory, or substance–attribute theory, is an ontological theory positing that objects are constituted each by a substance and properties borne by the substance but distinct from it. In this role, a substance can be referred to as a substratum or a thing-in-itself .
His "Spinoza The Elements of His Philosophy" stands as the most comprehensive and erudite analysis of Spinoza's system in the entire extant. The book employs an extremely sophisticated philosophical language, much which appears to be usages uniquely employed to capture in intricate detail all of the interrelationships or 'potency in act' among ...
A Discovery of Witches, the first book in the All Souls Trilogy, serves as the basis for season one of the TV show. In the book, Diana, a historian who is the daughter of witches, discovers a long ...
Principia philosophiae cartesianae (PPC; "The Principles of Cartesian Philosophy") or Renati Descartes principia philosophiae, more geometrico demonstrata ("The Principles of René Descartes' Philosophy, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order") is a philosophical work of Baruch Spinoza published in Amsterdam in 1663.