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For function that manipulate strings, modern object-oriented languages, like C# and Java have immutable strings and return a copy (in newly allocated dynamic memory), while others, like C manipulate the original string unless the programmer copies data to a new string.
let float = float string: let string = string number: Standard ML: val integer = Int.fromString string: val float = Real.fromString string: val string = Int.toString integer: val string = Real.toString float: Haskell number = read string: string = show number: COBOL: MOVE «FUNCTION» NUMVAL(string) TO number: MOVE number TO numeric-edited
Many languages have explicit pointers or references. Reference types differ from these in that the entities they refer to are always accessed via references; for example, whereas in C++ it's possible to have either a std:: string and a std:: string *, where the former is a mutable string and the latter is an explicit pointer to a mutable string (unless it's a null pointer), in Java it is only ...
A generator expression may be used in Python versions >= 2.4 which gives lazy evaluation over its input, and can be used with generators to iterate over 'infinite' input such as the count generator function which returns successive integers:
The Go programming language has built-in types complex64 (each component is 32-bit float) and complex128 (each component is 64-bit float). Imaginary number literals can be specified by appending an "i". The Perl core module Math::Complex provides support for complex numbers. Python provides the built-in complex type. Imaginary number literals ...
Python supports normal floating point numbers, which are created when a dot is used in a literal (e.g. 1.1), when an integer and a floating point number are used in an expression, or as a result of some mathematical operations ("true division" via the / operator, or exponentiation with a negative exponent).
In computer science, a literal is a textual representation (notation) of a value as it is written in source code. [1] [2] Almost all programming languages have notations for atomic values such as integers, floating-point numbers, and strings, and usually for Booleans and characters; some also have notations for elements of enumerated types and compound values such as arrays, records, and objects.
In addition to the assumption about bit-representation of floating-point numbers, the above floating-point type-punning example also violates the C language's constraints on how objects are accessed: [3] the declared type of x is float but it is read through an expression of type unsigned int.