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In mathematics, the modular group is the projective special linear group (,) of matrices with integer coefficients and determinant, such that the matrices and are identified. The modular group acts on the upper-half of the complex plane by linear fractional transformations .
A modular function is a function that is invariant with respect to the modular group, but without the condition that it be holomorphic in the upper half-plane (among other requirements). Instead, modular functions are meromorphic : they are holomorphic on the complement of a set of isolated points, which are poles of the function.
It contains the modular group PSL(2, Z). Also closely related is the 2-fold covering group, Mp(2, R), a metaplectic group (thinking of SL(2, R) as a symplectic group). Another related group is SL ± (2, R), the group of real 2 × 2 matrices with determinant ±1; this is more commonly used in the context of the modular group, however.
The modular function is a continuous group homomorphism from G to the multiplicative group of positive real numbers. A group is called unimodular if the modular function is identically 1 {\displaystyle 1} , or, equivalently, if the Haar measure is both left and right invariant.
In mathematics, a group is called an Iwasawa group, M-group or modular group if its lattice of subgroups is modular. Alternatively, a group G is called an Iwasawa group when every subgroup of G is permutable in G (Ballester-Bolinches, Esteban-Romero & Asaad 2010, pp. 24–25). Kenkichi Iwasawa proved that a p-group G is an Iwasawa group if and ...
That implies that any two rational functions F and G, in the function field of the modular curve, will satisfy a modular equation P(F,G) = 0 with P a non-zero polynomial of two variables over the complex numbers. For suitable non-degenerate choice of F and G, the equation P(X,Y) = 0 will actually define the modular curve.
In mathematics, a Hilbert modular form is a generalization of modular forms to functions of two or more variables. It is a (complex) analytic function on the m -fold product of upper half-planes H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} satisfying a certain kind of functional equation .
In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a modular subgroup is a subgroup that is a modular element in the lattice of subgroups, where the meet operation is defined by the intersection and the join operation is defined by the subgroup generated by the union of subgroups.