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The first known publication of chess rules was in a book by Luis Ramírez de Lucena about 1497, shortly after the movement of the queen, bishop, and pawn were changed to their modern form. [111] Ruy López de Segura gave rules of chess in his 1561 book Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez. [112]
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Historically, many different notation systems have been used to record chess moves; the standard system today is short-form algebraic notation. [10] In this system, files are labeled a through h and ranks are labeled 1 through 8. Squares are identified by the file and rank they occur on; g3 is the square on the g file and the third rank.
Swiss system tournaments, a type of group tournament common in chess and other board games, and in card games such as bridge, use various criteria to break ties between players who have the same total number of points after the last round. This is needed when prizes are indivisible, such as titles, trophies, or qualification for another tournament.
Chess initial position. The game of chess is commonly divided into three phases: the opening, middlegame, and endgame. [1] There is a large body of theory regarding how the game should be played in each of these phases, especially the opening and endgame.
There are various systems for recording moves and referring to the squares of the chessboard; the standard contemporary system is algebraic notation. In algebraic notation, the files are identified by the letters a to h , from left to right from the white player's point of view, and the ranks by the numbers 1 to 8 , with 1 being closest to the ...
The modern rules of chess (and breaking them) are discussed in separate articles, and briefly in the following subsections: Rules of chess – rules governing the play of the game of chess. White and Black in chess – one set of pieces is designated "white" and the other is designated "black". White moves first.
The Göttingen manuscript is the earliest known work devoted entirely to modern chess.It is a Latin text of 33 pages held at the University of Göttingen.A quarto parchment manuscript of 33 pages, ff. 1–15a are a discussion of twelve chess openings, f. 16 is blank, and ff. 17–31b are a selection of thirty chess problems, one on each page with a diagram and solution.