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The charts show the added lift benefit produced by ground effect. [3] For fan and jet-powered vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft, ground effect when hovering can cause suckdown and fountain lift on the airframe and loss in hovering thrust if the engine sucks in its own exhaust gas, which is known as hot gas ingestion (HGI). [4] [5]
This energy transfer from the rotor to the air is the induced power loss of the rotary wing, which is analogous to the lift-induced drag of a fixed-wing aircraft. Conservation of linear momentum relates the induced velocity downstream in the far wake field to the rotor thrust per unit of mass flow .
A chart of velocity versus load factor (or V-n diagram) is another way of showing limits of aircraft performance. It shows how much load factor can be safely achieved at different airspeeds. [3] At higher temperatures, air is less dense and planes must fly faster to generate the same amount of lift.
Above, the rotor is powered and pushing air downward, generating lift and thrust. Below, the helicopter rotor has lost power, and the craft is making an emergency landing. Autorotation is a state of flight in which the main rotor system of a helicopter or other rotary-wing aircraft turns by the action of air moving up through the rotor, as with ...
Ground Power Unit: Aerospace Ground Equipment GPWS ground proximity warning system: Avionics G/S glideslope: Avionics GS groundspeed: GSE ground support equipment: Aerospace ground equipment GSPT Gross shop processing time GSPU Glider snatch pick-up: GUMPS: Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Propeller, Seat belts/Switches Mental checklist before landing
Campbell Diagram of a steam turbine. Analysis shows that there are well-damped critical speed at lower speed range. Analysis shows that there are well-damped critical speed at lower speed range. Another critical speed at mode 4 is observed at 7810 rpm (130 Hz) in dangerous vicinity of nominal shaft speed, but it has 30% damping - enough to ...
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An autogyro is characterized by a free-spinning rotor that turns because of the passage of air through the rotor from below. [6] [7] The downward component of the total aerodynamic reaction of the rotor gives lift to the vehicle, sustaining it in the air. A separate propeller provides forward thrust and can be placed in a puller configuration ...