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Traditional bone-setting is a type of a folk medicine in which practitioners are engaged in joint manipulation.Before the advent of chiropractors, osteopaths and physical therapists, bone-setters were the main providers of this type of treatment. [1]
Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones [1] and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.
In embryogenesis, the skeletal system is derived from the mesoderm germ layer. Chondrification (also known as chondrogenesis) is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondroblasts and begins secreting the molecules (aggrecan and collagen type II) that form the extracellular matrix.
In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. [1] In humans, there are twelve thoracic vertebrae of intermediate size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae.
The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. In a human spinal column, there are normally 33 vertebrae. [3] The upper 24 pre-sacral vertebrae are articulating and separated from each other by intervertebral discs, and the lower nine are fused in adults, five in the sacrum and four in the coccyx, or tailbone.
Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is allograft bone that has had the inorganic mineral removed, leaving behind the organic "collagen" matrix.It was first discovered by Marshall Urist in 1965 that the removal of the bone mineral exposes more biologically active bone morphogenetic proteins. [1]
An involucrum (plural involucra) is a layer of new bone growth outside existing bone.. There are two main contexts: In pyogenic osteomyelitis where it is a layer of living bone that has formed around dead bone. [1]
Bone conduction is one reason why a person's voice sounds different to them when it is recorded and played back. Because the skull conducts lower frequencies better than air, people perceive their own voices to be lower and fuller than others do, and a recording of one's own voice frequently sounds higher than one expects (see voice confrontation).