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Foot of an 80-year old individual with type 2 diabetes and heart failure. The second toe has a large ischaemic ulcer. The first toe has a small one. The prevalence of arterial insufficiency ulcers among people with Diabetes is high due to decreased blood flow caused by the thinning of arteries and the lack of sensation due to diabetic neuropathy.
New ulcers were found in around 87.4 million people worldwide during 2015. [5] About 10% of people develop a peptic ulcer at some point in their life. [10] Peptic ulcers resulted in 267,500 deaths in 2015, down from 327,000 in 1990. [6] [11] The first description of a perforated peptic ulcer was in 1670, in Princess Henrietta of England. [2]
Gastric ulcer with a red spot seen in gastroscopy of a patient with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage Successful closure of the gastric ulcer with an endoclip. The endoclip was first described by Hayashi and Kudoh in 1975, [1] and was termed the "staunch clip".
Chronic wounds mostly affect people over the age of 60. [14] The incidence is 0.78% of the population and the prevalence ranges from 0.18 to 0.32%. [18] As the population ages, the number of chronic wounds is expected to rise. [30] Ulcers that heal within 12 weeks are usually classified as acute, and longer-lasting ones as chronic.
About half of cases are due to peptic ulcer disease (gastric or duodenal ulcers). [3] Esophageal inflammation and erosive disease are the next most common causes. [3] In those with liver cirrhosis, 50–60% of bleeding is due to esophageal varices. [3] Approximately half of those with peptic ulcers have an H. pylori infection. [3]
Based on evidence from people with other health problems crystalloid and colloids are believed to be equivalent for peptic ulcer bleeding. [15] In people with a confirmed peptic ulcer, proton pump inhibitors do not reduce death rates, later bleeding events, or need for surgery. [18] They may decrease signs of bleeding at endoscopy however. [18]
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. [1]
Extension of the ulcer through the lining of the digestive tract results in spillage of the stomach or intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, leading to an acute chemical peritonitis. [13] [14] Helicobacter pylori infection and overuse of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [15] [16] may contribute to formation of peptic ulcers.