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Ketotifen is an antihistamine medication and a mast cell stabilizer used to treat allergic conditions such as conjunctivitis, asthma, and urticaria (hives).Ketotifen is available in ophthalmic (eye drops or drug-eluting contact lenses) and oral (tablets or syrup) forms: the ophthalmic form relieves eye itchiness and irritation associated with seasonal allergies, while the oral form helps ...
It is of utmost importance that these drugs stay in the therapeutic window for an extended period of time in order to be fully effective and kill bacteria. [5] [12] To keep the specific drug in the therapeutic window using eye drops the topical must be applied approximately every 30 minutes in order to be fully effective.
Alcaftadine is an antagonist of histamine receptor 1. [1] By blocking the receptor, alcaftadine has been shown to reduce itching and redness of the eyes, and to reduce recruitment of eosinophils after exposure to an allergen. [5]
As inhalers they are used to treat asthma, as nasal sprays to treat hay fever (allergic rhinitis) and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis. [2] Finally, in oral form, they are used to treat the rare condition of mastocytosis .
Norketotifen is a pharmaceutical medication which is not yet approved for use and is undergoing clinical trials. It is a biologically active demethylated metabolite of ketotifen and has a similar potency as ketotifen as an antihistamine H 1 medication and a mast cell stabilizer, yet is devoid of severe sedative effects of ketotifen, potentially allowing for higher doses to be administered ...
Dual-action medications are both mast cell stabilizers and antihistamines. They are the most common prescribed class of topical anti allergy agent. Olopatadine (Patanol, Pazeo) [11] and ketotifen fumarate (Alaway or Zaditor) [12] are both commonly prescribed. Ketotifen is available without a prescription in some countries.
10-Hydroxyketotifen (WR621365) [1] is a biologically inactive metabolite of ketotifen. [2] [3] [4] Despite the mainstream scientific consensus that 10-hydroxyketotifen is a biologically inactive compound, its pharmacological properties are not very well studied outside the context of ketotifen, therefore, 10-hydroxyketotifen may still possess biological activity similarly to norketotifen ...
Bepotastine is available as an ophthalmic solution and oral tablet. It is a direct H 1-receptor antagonist that inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. [3] The ophthalmic formulation has shown minimal systemic absorption, between 1 and 1.5% in healthy adults. [4]