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The hook effect refers to the prozone phenomenon, also known as antibody excess, or the postzone phenomenon, also known as antigen excess. It is an immunologic phenomenon whereby the effectiveness of antibodies to form immune complexes can be impaired when concentrations of an antibody or an antigen are very high.
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The hook effect is a phenomenon which occurs in immunoassays and can lead to false negatives or inaccurately low results. The effect is caused by extremely high concentrations of either the antigen or an antibody used in the assay. The hook effect plagues sandwich assays more so than their two-step counterparts.
A hook effect is commonly observed with high concentrations of PROTACs due to the bifunctional nature of the degrader. [15] Currently, pVHL and CRBN have been used in preclinical trials as E3 ligases. [15] However, there still remains hundreds of E3 ligases to be explored, with some giving the opportunity for cell specificity.
In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
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Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. [1] It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson.In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are drawn on the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the reaction mechanism.
Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke about his observations through various lenses.