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where the modulus m is a prime number or a power of a prime number, the multiplier a is an element of high multiplicative order modulo m (e.g., a primitive root modulo n), and the seed X 0 is coprime to m. Other names are multiplicative linear congruential generator (MLCG) [2] and multiplicative congruential generator (MCG).
A prime sieve or prime number sieve is a fast type of algorithm for finding primes. There are many prime sieves. The simple sieve of Eratosthenes (250s BCE), the sieve of Sundaram (1934), the still faster but more complicated sieve of Atkin [1] (2003), sieve of Pritchard (1979), and various wheel sieves [2] are most common.
Two modulo-9 LCGs show how different parameters lead to different cycle lengths. Each row shows the state evolving until it repeats. The top row shows a generator with m = 9, a = 2, c = 0, and a seed of 1, which produces a cycle of length 6. The second row is the same generator with a seed of 3, which produces a cycle of length 2.
Legendre's conjecture, proposed by Adrien-Marie Legendre, states that there is a prime number between and (+) for every positive integer. [ 1 ] The conjecture is one of Landau's problems (1912) on prime numbers, and is one of many open problems on the spacing of prime numbers.
However, it does not contain all the prime numbers, since the terms gcd(n + 1, a n) are always odd and so never equal to 2. 587 is the smallest prime (other than 2) not appearing in the first 10,000 outcomes that are different from 1. Nevertheless, in the same paper it was conjectured to contain all odd primes, even though it is rather inefficient.
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is popular in artificial intelligence. [1] It has a simple, flexible and easily readable syntax. [ 2 ] Its popularity results in a vast ecosystem of libraries , including for deep learning , such as PyTorch , TensorFlow , Keras , Google JAX .
Blum Blum Shub takes the form + =, where M = pq is the product of two large primes p and q.At each step of the algorithm, some output is derived from x n+1; the output is commonly either the bit parity of x n+1 or one or more of the least significant bits of x n+1.
where c is a constant. If a ≡ 1 (mod 4) and c is odd, the resulting base-2 32 congruential sequence will have period 2 32. [4] This can be computed using only the low 32 bits of the product of a and the current x. However, many microprocessors can compute a full 64-bit product in almost the same time as the low 32 bits. Indeed, many compute ...