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The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of a pair of cruciate ligaments (the other being the posterior cruciate ligament) in the human knee.The two ligaments are called "cruciform" ligaments, as they are arranged in a crossed formation.
Relative to the femur, the ACL keeps the tibia from slipping forward and the PCL keeps the tibia from slipping backward. Another structure of this type in human anatomy is the cruciate ligament of the dens of the atlas vertebra, also called "cruciform ligament of the atlas", a ligament in the neck forming part of the atlanto-axial joint. [2]
The PCL is located within the knee joint where it stabilizes the articulating bones, particularly the femur and the tibia, during movement.It originates from the lateral edge of the medial femoral condyle and the roof of the intercondyle notch [2] then stretches, at a posterior and lateral angle, toward the posterior of the tibia just below its articular surface.
It is about 4.5 cm long in adults (range from 3 to 6 cm). [2] The medial and lateral portions of the quadriceps tendon pass down on either side of the patella to be inserted into the upper extremity of the tibia on either side of the tuberosity; these portions merge into the capsule, as stated above, forming the medial and lateral patellar ...
Rates of re-rupture among college athletes were highest in male football players with 15 per 10,000, followed by female gymnasts with 8 per 10,000 and female soccer players with 5.2 per 10,000. [66] High school athletes are at increased risk for ACL tears when compared to non-athletes.
The final step of reconstruction ligament fixation is the proximal tibial attachment of the sMCL. This soft-tissue attachment can be reproduced with a suture anchor [28] placed 12.2 mm distal to the medial joint line (average location), directly medial to the anterior arm of the semimembranosus tibial attachment. [27]
Originally described by Dr. Paul Segond in 1879 [6] [7] after a series of cadaveric experiments, the Segond fracture occurs in association with tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (75–100%) and injury to the medial meniscus (66–75%), lateral capsular ligament (now known as the Anterolateral ligament, or ALL), as well as injury to the structures behind the knee.
[4] [5] Around $500 million health care dollar will come from ACL injuries. ACL injuries can be categorized into groups- contact and non-contact based on the nature of the injury [6] Contact injuries occur when a person or object come into contact with the knee causing the ligament to tear. However, non-contact tears typically occur during the ...