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Sound travels about 4.5 times faster in water than in air, [99] and at a similarly higher speed in body tissues, and therefore the interval between a sound reaching the left and right inner ears is much smaller than in air, and the brain is less able to discriminate the interval which is how direction of a sound source is identified. [101]
The brainstem respiratory centers decrease alveolar ventilation (hypoventilation) to create a rise in arterial carbon dioxide (CO 2) tension, resulting in a decrease of plasma pH. [1] However, as there is limitation for decreasing respiration, respiratory compensation is less efficient at compensating for metabolic alkalosis than for acidosis. [4]
The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the atmosphere reached 427 ppm (0.0427%) on a molar basis in 2024, representing 3341 gigatonnes of CO 2. [78] This is an increase of 50% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, up from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years prior to the mid-18th century. [79] [80] [81] The increase is due to human ...
It occurs when the body loses heat faster than producing it. The core temperature of the body normally remains steady at around 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F). Only a small amount of hypothermia or hyperthermia can be tolerated before the condition becomes debilitating, further deviation can be fatal.
The respiratory quotient (RQ or respiratory coefficient) is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body, when the body is in a steady state.
During respiration the C-H bonds are broken by oxidation-reduction reaction and so carbon dioxide and water are also produced. The cellular energy-yielding process is called cellular respiration. Classifications of respiration
Dissolved CO 2 is taken up in the process of photosynthesis, and can reduce the partial pressure of CO 2 in the seawater, favouring drawdown from the atmosphere. The reverse process respiration, releases CO 2 back into the water, can increase partial pressure of CO 2 in the seawater, favouring release back to the atmosphere.
Simplified control circuit of human thermoregulation. [8]The core temperature of a human is regulated and stabilized primarily by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain linking the endocrine system to the nervous system, [9] and more specifically by the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and the adjacent preoptic area regions of the hypothalamus.