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Calligraphy is a central element of Islamic art, combining aesthetic appeal and religious message. Sometimes it is the dominant form of ornament; at other times it is combined with arabesque. [ 35 ] The importance of the written word in Islam ensured that epigraphic or calligraphic decoration played a prominent role in architecture. [ 36 ]
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The Hurufiyya movement (Arabic: حروفية ḥurūfiyyah adjectival form ḥurūfī, 'of letters' of the alphabet) is an aesthetic movement that emerged in the second half of the twentieth century amongst artists from Muslim countries, who used their understanding of traditional Islamic calligraphy within the precepts of modern art.
Calligraphy was a valued art form, and was regarded as both an aesthetic and moral pursuit. An ancient Arabic proverb illustrates this point by emphatically stating that "Purity of writing is purity of the soul." [6] Beyond religious contexts, Islamic calligraphy is widely used in secular art, architecture, and decoration. [7]
It is known in Arabic as khatt (Arabic: خَطّ), derived from the words 'line', 'design', or 'construction'. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Kufic is the oldest form of the Arabic script . From an artistic point of view, Arabic calligraphy has been known and appreciated for its diversity and great potential for development.
Arabic typography is the typography of letters, graphemes, characters or text in Arabic script, for example for writing Arabic, Persian, or Urdu. 16th century Arabic typography was a by-product of Latin typography with Syriac and Latin proportions and aesthetics.
David Wade [b] states that "Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation." [ 10 ] Wade argues that the aim is to transfigure, turning mosques "into lightness and pattern", while "the decorated pages of a Qur’an can become windows onto the infinite."
A Diwani text adorned with a tugrah, a complex calligraphic seal, represented the authority of the Sultan and the Ottoman state. [1] The Diwani script can be divided into two types: The Riq`a Diwani style, which is devoid of any decorations and whose lines are straight, except for the lower parts of the letters. The Jeli Diwani or clear style ...