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A polycarbonate is an oxocarbon dianion consisting of a chain of carbonate units, where successive carbonyl groups are directly linked to each other by shared additional oxygen atoms. That is, they are the conjugate bases of polycarbonic acids , the conceptual anhydrides of carbonic acid , or polymers of carbon dioxide .
Examples of monomer systems that undergo step-growth polymerisation. [5] The reactive functional groups are highlighted. Classes of step-growth polymers are: [6] [7] Polyester has high glass transition temperature T g and high melting point T m, good mechanical properties to about 175 °C, good resistance to solvent and chemicals. It can exist ...
Polycarbonate is commonly used in eye protection, as well as in other projectile-resistant viewing and lighting applications that would normally indicate the use of glass, but require much higher impact-resistance. Polycarbonate lenses also protect the eye from UV light.
Small c results in long fatigue life. ς f ' is a constant known as the fatigue strength coefficient; b is an empirical constant known as the fatigue brittleness exponent. The first half of the equation indicates the Plastic region, and the second half indicates the elastic region. [5]
Some examples of 3D ray-traced caustics can be found here. The focus of most computer graphics systems is aesthetics rather than physical accuracy. This is especially true when it comes to real-time graphics in computer games [8] where generic pre-calculated textures are mostly used instead of physically correct calculations.
Polycarbonate polyols are more expensive than other polyols and are thus used in more demanding applications. [31] [32] They have been used to make an isophorone diisocyanate based prepolymer which is then used in glass coatings. [33] They may be used in reactive hotmelt adhesives. [34] All polyols may be used to produce polyurethane prepolymers.
Photoelastic model to validate the stiffener model. Isochromatic fringe patterns around a steel platelet in a photo-elastic two-part epoxy resin. Photoelasticity has been used for a variety of stress analyses and even for routine use in design, particularly before the advent of numerical methods, such as finite elements or boundary elements. [7]
A typical example (in real life) could be the consumer-producer problem where the consumption is proportional to the (quantity of) resource. For example: = (), where is the logistic equation of resource growth; and