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SOAP (Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package) is a suite of bioinformatics software tools from the BGI Bioinformatics department enabling the assembly, alignment, and analysis of next generation DNA sequencing data. It is particularly suited to short read sequencing data.
HLB scale showing classification of surfactant function. The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) of a surfactant is a measure of its degree of hydrophilicity or lipophilicity, determined by calculating percentages of molecular weights for the hydrophilic and lipophilic portions of the surfactant molecule, as described by Griffin in 1949 [1] [2] and 1954. [3]
Example of saponification reaction of a triglyceride molecule (left) with potassium hydroxide (KOH) yielding glycerol (purple) and salts of fatty acids ().. Saponification value or saponification number (SV or SN) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions specified.
Surfactants prepared are usually cationic and may also be used as a biocide. [10] This is particularly important for oilfield applications against Sulfate-reducing microorganisms . The material has other uses which include:
The CMC is the concentration of surfactants in the bulk at which micelles start forming. The word bulk is important because surfactants partition between the bulk and interface and CMC is independent of interface and is therefore a characteristic of the surfactant molecule. In most situations, such as surface tension measurements or ...
It is one of the most frequently-used surfactants of this type. [4] Like other amine oxide–based surfactants it is antimicrobial, being effective against common bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli, [1] however, it is also non-denaturing and can thus be used for protein purification. At high concentrations, LDAO forms liquid crystalline ...
Biodegradable and plant-derived from sugars, these surfactants are usually derivatives of glucose and fatty alcohols. [1] The raw materials are typically starch and fat , and the final products are typically complex mixtures of compounds with different sugars comprising the hydrophilic end and alkyl groups of variable length comprising the ...
Triton X--100 (C 14 H 22 O(C 2 H 4 O) n) is a nonionic surfactant that has a hydrophilic polyethylene oxide chain (on average it has 9.5 ethylene oxide units) and an aromatic hydrocarbon lipophilic or hydrophobic group.