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In social science research social-desirability bias is a type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. [1] It can take the form of over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad" or undesirable behavior.
Overconfidence effect, a tendency to have excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time. [5] [44] [45] [46] Planning fallacy, the tendency for people to underestimate the time it will take them to complete a ...
Neutral questions: The goal of this strategy is to use questions that are rated as neutral by a wide range of participants so that socially desirable responding does not apply. [2] Randomized response technique: This technique allows participants to answer a question that is randomly selected from a set of questions. The researcher in this ...
In behaviorism, rate of response is a ratio between two measurements with different units. Rate of responding is the number of responses per minute, or some other time unit. It is usually written as R. Its first major exponent was B.F. Skinner (1939). It is used in the Matching Law. R = # of Responses/Unit of time = B/t
The samples of behavior must be reasonably representative of the behavior in question. The samples of behavior that make up a paper-and-pencil test, the most common type of psychological test, are written into the test items. Total performance on the items produces a test score.
Just as "reward" was commonly used to alter behavior long before "reinforcement" was studied experimentally, the Premack principle has long been informally understood and used in a wide variety of circumstances. An example is a mother who says, "You have to finish your vegetables (low frequency) before you can eat any ice cream (high frequency)."
Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample. This is an example of a univariate (=single variable) frequency table. The frequency of each response to a survey question is depicted.
The CRAFFT 2.1 screening tool begins with past-12-month frequency items (Part A), rather than the previous "yes/no" question for any use over the past year, and the other six (Part B) questions remain the same. The CRAFFT can function as a self-report questionnaire or an interview to be administered by a clinician. [2]