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This level is characterised by transferring "syntactic structures" between the source and target languages. It is suitable for languages in the same family or of the same type, for example in the Romance languages between Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, etc. Deep transfer (or semantic). This level constructs a semantic representation that is ...
Abstractive summarization methods generate new text that did not exist in the original text. [12] This has been applied mainly for text. Abstractive methods build an internal semantic representation of the original content (often called a language model), and then use this representation to create a summary that is closer to what a human might express.
Example-based machine translation (EBMT) is a method of machine translation often characterized by its use of a bilingual corpus with parallel texts as its main knowledge base at run-time. It is essentially a translation by analogy and can be viewed as an implementation of a case-based reasoning approach to machine learning .
An example of a word-based translation system is the freely available GIZA++ package , which includes the training program for IBM models and HMM model and Model 6. [7] The word-based translation is not widely used today; phrase-based systems are more common. Most phrase-based systems are still using GIZA++ to align the corpus [citation needed].
In translation and semantics, dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence are seen as the main approaches to translation that prioritize either the meaning or literal structure of the source text respectively. The distinction was originally articulated by Eugene Nida in the context of Bible translation.
A bilingual dictionary or translation dictionary is a specialized dictionary used to translate words or phrases from one language to another. Bilingual dictionaries can be unidirectional , meaning that they list the meanings of words of one language in another, or can be bidirectional , allowing translation to and from both languages.
—{{{3}}} Template documentation [view] [history] [purge] Usage This template allows for the presentation of text in a language other than English alongside an English translation of that text. It is primarily designed for rendering poetic texts and their translations in parallel columns that are responsive to devices with display sizes smaller than a personal computer's screen. That is, on a ...
Macrostructures of discourse are distinguished from its microstructures, that is, the local structures of words, clauses, sentences or turns in conversation. Macrostructures may be derived from microstructures by operations such as abstracting, that is, leaving out or summarizing specific details.