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The maqamas of the Persian poet Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani were also embraced in al-Andalus, and influenced Ibn Malik, Ibn Sharaf, and Ibn al-Ashtarkuwi al-Saraqusti . [ 24 ] [ 22 ] The maqama known as Al-Maqama al-Qurtubiya , attributed to al-Fath ibn Khaqan , is notable as it is a poem of invective satirizing Ibn as-Sayid al-Batalyawsi [ ar ...
Jihadists entered in Spain from 1994, when an al-Qaeda cell was established. In 1996, the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA), an organisation affiliated with al-Qaeda, founded a cell in the province of Valencia. In the 1995–2003 period, slightly over 100 people were arrested for offences related to militant salafism, an average of 12 per year.
The toponym al-Andalus is first attested by inscriptions on coins minted in 716 by the new Muslim government of Iberia. [10] These coins, called dinars, were inscribed in both Latin and Arabic. [11] [12] The etymology of the name al-Andalus has traditionally been derived from the name of the Vandals (vándalos in Spanish, vândalos in Portuguese).
Furthermore, Abd al-Aziz agreed that his forces would not plunder or "harass" Theodemir's town or people, an agreement that extended to seven more towns as well. [5] Abd Al-Aziz sent messages to the governors of the different Islamic provinces denouncing non-Muslims: [34] [35] O ye who believe! The non-Muslims are nothing but dirt.
The degree to which the Christians and the Jews were tolerated by their Muslim rulers is a subject widely contested among historians. The history of Al-Andalus indicates that Muslims, Christians, and Jews who lived within Al-Andalus had relatively peaceful relations, with the exception of a few scattered revolts, and times of religious persecution.
Cueva de la Laja Alta, in Jimena de la Frontera. The presence of hominids in Andalusia dates back to the Lower Paleolithic, with archaeological remains of the Acheulean culture between 700000 and 400000 years old, [1] [2] however the controversial finding of the so-called Man of Orce seems to point to a greater antiquity. [3]
Islam had been present in Spain since the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the eighth century. At the beginning of the twelfth century, the Muslim population in the Iberian Peninsula – called " Al-Andalus " by the Muslims – was estimated to number as high as 5.5 million, among whom were Arabs , Berbers and indigenous converts. [ 19 ]
The Quran is viewed to be the scriptural foundation of Islam and is believed by Muslims to have been sent down by Allah (God) and revealed to Muhammad by the angel Jibreel . Muslims have not used historical criticism in the study of the Quran, but they have used textual criticism in a similar way used by Christians and Jews. [1]