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Hypercapnia (from the Greek hyper, "above" or "too much" and kapnos, "smoke"), also known as hypercarbia and CO 2 retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.
Many people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide.Treatment with supplemental oxygen may improve their well-being; alternatively, in some this can lead to the adverse effect of elevating the carbon dioxide content in the blood (hypercapnia) to levels that may become toxic.
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of food metabolism and in high amounts has toxic effects including: dyspnea, acidosis and altered consciousness. [8] Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension. P a CO 2 – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in arterial blood is between 35 and 45 mmHg (4.7 and 6.0 kPa). [9] Venous blood carbon dioxide tension
In chronic respiratory acidosis, the PaCO 2 is elevated above the upper limit of the reference range, with a normal blood pH (7.35 to 7.45) or near-normal pH secondary to renal compensation and an elevated serum bicarbonate (HCO 3 − >30 mEq/L).
Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level, and can be acute or chronic. In clinical trials, the definition of respiratory failure usually includes increased respiratory rate , abnormal blood gases (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both), and evidence of increased work of breathing.
About a third of all people with morbid obesity (a body mass index exceeding 40 kg/m 2) have elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood. [5] When examining groups of people with obstructive sleep apnea, researchers have found that 10–20% of them meet the criteria for OHS as well.
cl − = 100 bun = 20 / glu = 150 \ k + = 4 co 2 = 22 pcr = 1.0 arterial blood gas: hco 3 − = 24 p a co 2 = 40 p a o 2 = 95 ph = 7.40 alveolar gas: p a co 2 = 36 p a o 2 = 105 a-a g = 10 other: ca = 9.5 mg 2+ = 2.0 po 4 = 1 ck = 55 be = −0.36 ag = 16 serum osmolarity/renal: pmo = 300 pco = 295 pog = 5 bun:cr = 20 urinalysis: una + = 80 ucl ...
A blood gas test or blood gas analysis tests blood to measure blood gas tension values and blood pH.It also measures the level and base excess of bicarbonate.The source of the blood is reflected in the name of each test; arterial blood gases come from arteries, venous blood gases come from veins and capillary blood gases come from capillaries. [1]