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At pH just below 5.5 the main species present in a 5 μM solution of Al 3+ are aluminium hydroxides Al(OH) 2+, AlOH + 2 and Al 13 (OH) 7+ 32, but on raising the pH Al(OH) 3 precipitates from the solution. This occurs because Al(OH) 3 has a very large lattice energy. As the pH rises more and more Al(OH) 3 comes out of solution.
The assumption that solution properties are independent of nature of solute particles is exact only for ideal solutions, which are solutions that exhibit thermodynamic properties analogous to those of an ideal gas, and is approximate for dilute real solutions. In other words, colligative properties are a set of solution properties that can be ...
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
The molality of a solution does not change with , since it refers to the mass of the solvent. In contrast, the concentration does change with , since the density of a solution and thus its volume are temperature-dependent. Defining the aqueous-phase composition via molality has the advantage that any temperature dependence of the Henry's law ...
Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction. It usually takes place when the concentration of dissolved ions exceeds the solubility limit [34] and forms an insoluble salt. This process can be assisted by adding a precipitating agent or by the removal of the solvent.
This is a list of unsolved problems in chemistry. Problems in chemistry are considered unsolved when an expert in the field considers it unsolved or when several experts in the field disagree about a solution to a problem.
In unimolecular chemistry, geminate recombination has first been studied in the solution phase using iodine molecules [10] and heme proteins. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In the solid state, geminate recombination has been demonstrated with small molecules trapped in noble gas solid matrices [ 13 ] and in triiodide crystalline compounds.
General chemistry (sometimes referred to as "gen chem") is offered by colleges and universities as an introductory level chemistry course usually taken by students during their first year. [1] The course is usually run with a concurrent lab section that gives students an opportunity to experience a laboratory environment and carry out ...