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At the bottom of the mantle lies a basal liquid silicate layer approximately 150–180 km thick. [44] [54] Mars's iron and nickel core is completely molten, with no solid inner core. [55] [56] It is around half of Mars's radius, approximately 1650–1675 km, and is enriched in light elements such as sulfur, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. [57] [58]
Extra-close oppositions of Mars happen every 15 to 17 years, when we pass between Mars and the Sun around the time of its perihelion (closest point to the Sun in orbit). The minimum distance between Earth and Mars has been declining over the years, and in 2003 the minimum distance was 55.76 million km, nearer than any such encounter in almost ...
where G is the universal constant of gravitation (commonly taken as G = 6.674 × 10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2), [10] M is the mass of Mars (most updated value: 6.41693 × 10 23 kg), [11] m is the mass of the satellite, r is the distance between Mars and the satellite, and is the angular velocity of the satellite, which is also equivalent to (T ...
G is the universal gravitational constant (G ≈ 6.67×10 −11 m 3 ·kg −1 ·s −2) g = GM/d 2 is the local gravitational acceleration (or the surface gravity, when d = r). The value GM is called the standard gravitational parameter, or μ, and is often known more accurately than either G or M separately.
For planet Earth, which can be approximated as an oblate spheroid with radii 6 378.1 km and 6 356.8 km, the mean radius is = (( ) ) / = . The equatorial and polar radii of a planet are often denoted r e {\displaystyle r_{e}} and r p {\displaystyle r_{p}} , respectively.
For instance, Mars has a mass of 6.4185 × 10 23 kg = 0.107 Earth masses and a mean radius of 3,390 km = 0.532 Earth radii. [10] The surface gravity of Mars is therefore approximately = times that of Earth.
Sister Jean has served as the chaplain at Loyola University Chicago for more than 20 years. Born on Aug. 21, 1919, the beloved nun told PEOPLE on her 103rd birthday that her best secret to a long ...
Substituting the mass of Mars for M and the Martian sidereal day for T and solving for the semimajor axis yields a synchronous orbit radius of 20,428 km (12,693 mi) above the surface of the Mars equator. [3] [4] [5] Subtracting Mars's radius gives an orbital altitude of 17,032 km (10,583 mi). Two stable longitudes exist - 17.92°W and 167.83°E.