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Principal symbol. The variation formula computations above define the principal symbol of the mapping which sends a pseudo-Riemannian metric to its Riemann tensor, Ricci tensor, or scalar curvature. The principal symbol of the map assigns to each a map from the space of symmetric (0,2)-tensors on to the space of (0,4)-tensors on given by.
Identity 1: The following two results follow from this and the ratio identities. To obtain the first, divide both sides of by ; for the second, divide by . Similarly. Identity 2: The following accounts for all three reciprocal functions. Proof 2: Refer to the triangle diagram above. Note that by Pythagorean theorem.
Kawasaki's theorem. In this example, the alternating sum of angles (clockwise from the bottom) is 90° − 45° + 22.5° − 22.5° + 45° − 90° + 22.5° − 22.5° = 0°. Since it adds to zero, the crease pattern may be flat-folded. Kawasaki's theorem or Kawasaki–Justin theorem is a theorem in the mathematics of paper folding that ...
For a surface, the Gauss, sectional, and Ricci curvatures are all the same, but Bonnet's proof easily generalizes to higher dimensions if one assumes a positive lower bound on the sectional curvature. Myers' key contribution was therefore to show that a Ricci lower bound is all that is needed to reach the same conclusion.
In mathematics, Thurston's geometrization conjecture (now a theorem) states that each of certain three-dimensional topological spaces has a unique geometric structure that can be associated with it. It is an analogue of the uniformization theorem for two-dimensional surfaces, which states that every simply connected Riemann surface can be given ...
Then P(n) is true for all natural numbers n. For example, we can prove by induction that all positive integers of the form 2n − 1 are odd. Let P(n) represent " 2n − 1 is odd": (i) For n = 1, 2n − 1 = 2 (1) − 1 = 1, and 1 is odd, since it leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 2. Thus P(1) is true.
In Riemannian geometry and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, the Gauss–Codazzi equations (also called the Gauss–Codazzi–Weingarten-Mainardi equations or Gauss–Peterson–Codazzi formulas [1]) are fundamental formulas that link together the induced metric and second fundamental form of a submanifold of (or immersion into) a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold.
Sphere theorem. In Riemannian geometry, the sphere theorem, also known as the quarter-pinched sphere theorem, strongly restricts the topology of manifolds admitting metrics with a particular curvature bound. The precise statement of the theorem is as follows. If M is a complete, simply-connected, n -dimensional Riemannian manifold with ...
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