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Hermitian matrices are applied in the design and analysis of communications system, especially in the field of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Channel matrices in MIMO systems often exhibit Hermitian properties. In graph theory, Hermitian matrices are used to study the spectra of graphs. The Hermitian Laplacian matrix is a key ...
Conjugate transpose. In mathematics, the conjugate transpose, also known as the Hermitian transpose, of an complex matrix is an matrix obtained by transposing and applying complex conjugation to each entry (the complex conjugate of being , for real numbers and ). There are several notations, such as or , [1] , [2] or (often in physics) .
In the case that A is identified with a Hermitian matrix, the matrix of A * is equal to its conjugate transpose. (If A is a real matrix, then this is equivalent to A T = A, that is, A is a symmetric matrix.) This condition implies that all eigenvalues of a Hermitian map are real: To see this, it is enough to apply it to the case when x = y is ...
In mathematics, a symmetric matrix with real entries is positive-definite if the real number is positive for every nonzero real column vector , where is the row vector transpose of . [1] More generally, a Hermitian matrix (that is, a complex matrix equal to its conjugate transpose) is positive-definite if the real number is positive for every nonzero complex column vector , where denotes the ...
Gram matrix. In linear algebra, the Gram matrix (or Gramian matrix, Gramian) of a set of vectors in an inner product space is the Hermitian matrix of inner products, whose entries are given by the inner product . [1] If the vectors are the columns of matrix then the Gram matrix is in the general case that the vector coordinates are complex ...
Bottom: The action of Σ, a scaling by the singular values σ1 horizontally and σ2 vertically. Right: The action of U, another rotation. In linear algebra, the singular value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix into a rotation, followed by a rescaling followed by another rotation.
U can be written as U = e iH, where e indicates the matrix exponential, i is the imaginary unit, and H is a Hermitian matrix. For any nonnegative integer n, the set of all n × n unitary matrices with matrix multiplication forms a group, called the unitary group U(n). Every square matrix with unit Euclidean norm is the average of two unitary ...
Matrix (mathematics) An m × n matrix: the m rows are horizontal and the n columns are vertical. Each element of a matrix is often denoted by a variable with two subscripts. For example, a2,1 represents the element at the second row and first column of the matrix. In mathematics, a matrix (pl.: matrices) is a rectangular array or table of ...